6 replies to this topic

[stocks]

The solar wind is a stream of plasma released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun. It consists of mostly electrons, protons and alpha particles. The stream of particles varies in density, temperature, and speed over time and over solar longitude.

The solar wind flows outward supersonically to great distances, filling a region known as the heliosphere, an enormous bubble-like volume. Other related phenomena include the aurora (northern and southern lights), the plasma tails of comets that always point away from the Sun, and geomagnetic storms that can change the direction of magnetic field lines and create strong currents in power grids on Earth.

As the solar wind approaches the Earth, the particles are deflected by the Lorentz force. This region, known as the magnetosphere, causes the particles to travel around the planet rather than bombarding the atmosphere or surface.

The solar wind is responsible for the overall shape of Earth's magnetosphere, and fluctuations in its speed, density, direction, and entrained magnetic field strongly affect Earth's local space environment. For example, the levels of ionizing radiation and radio interference can vary by factors of hundreds to thousands; and the shape and location of the magnetopause and bow shock wave upstream of it can change by several Earth radii, exposing geosynchronous satellites to the direct solar wind. These phenomena are collectively called space weather.



https://en.wikipedia...wiki/Solar_wind

[stocks]

Cosmic rays

are immensely high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System. They may produce showers of secondary particles that penetrate and impact the Earth's atmosphere and sometimes even reach the surface.

Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei, they are of mysterious origin.

Cosmic rays attract great interest practically, due to the damage they inflict on microelectronics and life outside the protection of an atmosphere and magnetic field, and scientifically, because the energies of the most energetic ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) have been observed to approach 40 million times the energy of particles accelerated by the Large Hadron Collider.


https://en.wikipedia...wiki/Cosmic_ray

[stocks]

Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. This includes:

electro-magnetic radiation such as gamma rays, radio waves, visible light, and x-rays

particle radiation such as alpha and beta;, and neutron radiation (discrete energy per particle)

acoustic radiation such as ultrasound, sound, and seismic waves

Radiation is often categorized as either ionizing or non-ionizing depending on the energy of the radiated particles.

Medicine

Radiation and radioactive substances are used for diagnosis, treatment, and research. X-rays, for example, pass through muscles and other soft tissue but are stopped by dense materials. This property of X-rays enables doctors to find broken bones and to locate cancers that might be growing in the body. Doctors also find certain diseases by injecting a radioactive substance and monitoring the radiation given off as the substance moves through the body. Radiation used for cancer treatment is called ionizing radiation because it forms ions in the cells of the tissues it passes through as it dislodges electrons from atoms. This can kill cells or change genes so the cells cannot grow. Other forms of radiation such as radio waves, microwaves, and light waves are called non-ionizing. They don't have as much energy and are not able to ionize cells.

Communication

All modern communication systems use forms of electromagnetic radiation. Variations in the intensity of the radiation represent changes in the sound, pictures, or other information being transmitted. For example, a human voice can be sent as a radio wave or microwave by making the wave vary to correspond variations in the voice. Musicians have also experimented with gamma sonification, or using nuclear radiation, to produce sound and music.

Science

Researchers use radioactive atoms to determine the age of materials that were once part of a living organism. The age of such materials can be estimated by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon they contain in a process called radiocarbon dating. Similarly, using other radioactive elements, the age of rocks and other geological features (even some man-made objects) can be determined; this is called Radiometric dating. Environmental scientists use radioactive atoms, known as tracer atoms, to identify the pathways taken by pollutants through the environment.

Radiation is used to determine the composition of materials in a process called neutron activation analysis. In this process, scientists bombard a sample of a substance with particles called neutrons. Some of the atoms in the sample absorb neutrons and become radioactive. The scientists can identify the elements in the sample by studying the emitted radiation.

https://en.wikipedia.../Radiation#Uses

[stocks]

One of the raging debates in the climate community relates to the question of whether there is any mechanism amplifying solar activity.

That is, are the solar synchronized climatic variations that we see (e.g., take a look at fig. 1 here) due to changes of just the solar irradiance, or, are they due to some effect which amplifies the solar-climate link.

The most reasonable explanation is cloud variations with a cosmic ray link. There are many independent lines of evidence showing its existence (e.g., for a not so recent summary take a look here). That is, the cloud cover variations are controlled by a cosmic ray external lever, which itself is affected by solar activity.


http://www.sciencebits.com/calorimeter

[stocks]

The Centennial Gleissberg Cycle (CGC), a 90–100 year variation of the amplitude of the 11-year sunspot cycle observed on the Sun and at the Earth

A new paper published in Advances in Space Research:

The Gleissberg minima, sometimes coincidently in combination with volcanic forcing, are associated with severe weather extremes. Thus the 19th century Gleissberg minimum, which coexisted with volcanic eruptions, led to especially cold conditions in United States, Canada and Western Europe."

The paper shows clear evidence in the first graph below of a significant, sustained increase of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) from 1700 to the late 20th century, coincident with the end of the Little Ice Age ~1850 and the global warming observed during the 20th century.


http://hockeyschtick...g-cycle-of.html

[stocks]

New Solar Research Raises Climate Questions, Triggers Attacks

 

 

[stocks]

One of the raging debates in the climate community relates to the question of whether there is any mechanism amplifying solar activity.

That is, are the solar synchronized climatic variations that we see (e.g., take a look at fig. 1 here) due to changes of just the solar irradiance, or, are they due to some effect which amplifies the solar-climate link.

The most reasonable explanation is cloud variations with a cosmic ray link. There are many independent lines of evidence showing its existence (e.g., for a not so recent summary take a look here). That is, the cloud cover variations are controlled by a cosmic ray external lever, which itself is affected by solar activity.


http://www.sciencebits.com/calorimeter

 

CERN, the world’s top particle physics laboratory, just found that our big, abrupt climate changes are produced by variations in the sun’s activity.  That’s the same sun the modelers had dismissed as “unchanging.”  CERN says the sun’s variations interact with cosmic rays to create more or fewer of earth’s heat-shielding clouds.  The IPCC had long admitted it couldn’t model clouds--and now the CERN experiment says the clouds are the earth’s thermostats!

 

CERN’s lead author, Ken Carslaw, said in the CERN Courier (December 2016) that all the projections of the climate models should thus be revised downward. 

 

 

 

http://www.americant...d_revealed.html